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OCA1A - Oculocutaneous albinism type IA (OCA1A) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR; 606933) on chromosome 11q14.
OCA1B - Oculocutaneous albinism type IB (OCA1B) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the tyrosinase gene (TYR; 606933) on chromosome 11q14.
OCA2 - Oculocutaneous albinism type II (OCA2) is caused by mutation in the OCA2 (P) gene (611409).
OCA3 - Oculocutaneous albinism type III (OCA3) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1; 115501) on chromosome 9p23.
OCA4 - Oculocutaneous albinism type IV (OCA4) is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the MATP gene (SLC45A2; 606202) on chromosome 5p13.
OCA5 - Based on a consensus of the albinism research community (Montoliu et al., 2013), the form of oculocutaneous albinism mapped to chromosome 4q24 is here designated (OCA5).
OCA6 - Oculocutaneous albinism type VI (OCA6) is a type of oculocutaneous albinism (see this term), recently discovered in one Chinese family, characterized by light hair at birth that darkens with age, white skin, transparent irides, photophobia, nystagmus, foveal hypoplasia and reduced visual acuity and that is due to mutations in the SLC24A5 gene (15q21.1).
OCA7 - Based on a consensus of the albinism research community (Montoliu et al., 2013), the form of oculocutaneous albinism caused by mutation in the C10ORF11 gene is here designated (OCA7).
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Healthline Media, Nov 23, 2015 - Albinism is a RARE group of genetic disorders that cause the skin, hair, or eyes
to have little or no color. Albinism is also associated with vision problems.
In their ongoing efforts to distract from their Albinism, Europeans have tried to convince the rest of the world that Albinism is a very RARE condition, too rare for it to account for their large population. But the data provided by media like this publication has forced them to change their tune, just a bit...
Information Bulletin - What is Albinism?
Quote: Albinism is an inherited genetic condition that reduces the amount of melanin pigment formed in the skin, hair and/or eyes. Albinism occurs in all racial and ethnic groups throughout the world. In the U.S., approximately one in 18,000 to 20,000 people has some type of albinism. In other parts of the world, the occurrence can be as high as one in 3,000. Most children with albinism are born to parents who have normal hair and eye color for their ethnic backgrounds.
A common myth is that people with albinism have red eyes. Although lighting conditions can allow the blood vessels at the back of the eye to be seen, which can cause the eyes to look reddish or violet, most people with albinism have blue eyes, and some have hazel or brown eyes. There are different types of albinism and the amount of pigment in the eyes varies; however, vision problems are associated with albinism.
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Tacitus: Germany Book 1 [1]
4. For my own part, I agree with those who think that the tribes of Germany are free from all taint of intermarriages with foreign nations, and that they appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities throughout so vast a population. All have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden exertion. They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and hunger their climate and their soil inure them.
Sandra Laing was born in 1955 to Sannie and Abraham Laing, Afrikaners in Piet Retief, a small conservative town in South Africa during the apartheid era, when laws governed officially established social castes of racial classification. The girl had darker skin than others in her family, which seemed to become more obvious as she grew older. Her parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents were all white, but Sandra displayed the physiognomy of African ancestors of earlier generations, perhaps from the 18th century or more recent. Her family treated her as white, the same as their sons Adriaan and Leon, and together they all attended the Dutch Reformed Church.
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When Sandra was 10 years old and at an all-white boarding school, the school authorities expelled her because of complaints from the parents of other students, based on her appearance: primarily her skin colour and the texture of her hair. They believed she was "coloured", a term for mixed-race people. She was expelled and escorted home by two police officers.
Sandra's parents fought several legal battles to have her classified as white, based on her documented ancestry through them. Her father underwent a blood-typing test for paternity in the 1960s, as DNA tests were not yet available. The results were compatible with his being her biological father, though such tests are extremely imprecise due to the small number of blood types that most people have.
After the publicity, Sandra found herself shunned by the white community, although she was re-classified as white again in 1966 when the law was changed to allow a person to be classified as white if both parents are classified as white. She attended a coloured boarding school away from her family and became immersed in the non-white world. Her only friends were the children of black employees. At the age of 16, Laing eloped to Swaziland with Petrus Zwane, a black South African who spoke Zulu.
She was jailed for three months for illegal border-crossing. Her father threatened to kill her for the marriage and broke off contact with her. They never met again.
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Although she and her husband had two children, who were classified as "coloured", she was threatened with losing them unless she also was classified as "coloured", as a white parent could not raise coloured children. At the age of 26, she arranged for the change in race classification officially, although her father had refused permission earlier. Except for secret trips to see her mother when her father was out of the house, Laing was estranged from her family and struggled to survive economically. When her parents moved away from Piet Retief, the clandestine visits were no longer possible. Laing lost contact with her family completely.
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Laing and her husband separated due to the pressures they were under, and she put their children into government care for a period. Years later she married again, to Johannes Motloung, a Sotho-speaking man. They had three children together and she was able to reclaim her first two; all are now grown and with families of their own. Trying to reconcile with her family in the 1980s, Laing learned that her father had died and her mother Sannie refused to see her.
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In 2000 the Johannesburg Times tracked down Laing to learn about her years since the end of apartheid. The newspaper helped her find her mother, and they were able to reconcile. Sannie was then in a nursing home. Sannie and she shared time together before her mother's death in 2001.
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Wiki - Swarthy = old High German also had two words for black: swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are paralleled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black and blaek for luminous black. Swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black.
Webster's - Swarthy = of a dark color, complexion, or cast.
Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 - Swarthy = dark-hued or dark-complexioned.
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